Aim:
Background: Respiratory tract infection constitutes a major load in pediatric outpatient services and hospitalizations. Aims: To determine incidence rate and risk factors of respiratory tract infection for children under five years at Hospital, and to find out relationship between incidence rate, risk factors and demographic data of children.

Material and methods:
Materials and methods: A Descriptive case-control design is used through the study. The study was conducted in Al-Najaf City, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Health Directorate, Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital the period of the study is from 5th December 2023 to the August 2024. A non-probability (Purposive Sample) of 470 Respiratory tract infections under five years' patients, those who visit Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital for treatment or follow up or both, are included. Face validity for the early developed questionnaire is determined through the use of panel of experts to investigate clarity. Determination of reliability of the questionnaire is based on the internal consistency reliability, Alpha Cronbach’s technique.

Results:
Results: Results reveal significant risk factors case and control group regarding respiratory tract infection are recent cold or influenza, exposure to smoke, allergy, low birth weight, duration of breastfeeding less than six months, early use of antibiotics before six months, exposure to indoor air pollution, incomplete immunization.

Conclusions:
Conclusion: The result shows highly recurrent risk factors in participant are early use of antibiotics less than six months, allergy, and exposure to the smoke and recent cold or influenza. Mass media should utilize to provide health education to increase parents' knowledge and awareness about respiratory tract infection and these risk factors.