Aim: To investigate the association between the main mechanisms underlying the post-traumatic stress disorder development and polymorphisms in genes encoding regulatory proteins, their receptors, and those regulating the functioning of dopaminergic, serotonergic and other neurobiological systems. Materials and Methods: As part of the preparation of this review, a search for publications was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus and ResearchGate databases. Keywords relating to the genetic aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder and the functioning of dopaminergic, serotonergic and other neurobiological systems were used to select the relevant literature. The analysis included studies from the last decade that examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms and their impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms that may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions: The study of polymorphisms in genes associated with the regulation of metabolic changes not only deepens our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disorder but also opens up new avenues for research aimed at identifying risk biomarkers and clarifying the mechanisms of stress reactivity. Further work in this area has the potential to lay the foundations for more accurate predictive models and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.