Aim: To analyse the role of polymorphic sites in genes encoding key regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the neurotrophic system, which play an important role in determining genetic susceptibility to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Materials and Methods: To prepare this review, a systematic search was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed and ResearchGate databases using keywords relating to the genetic aspects of PTSD development. The analysis included publications from the last ten years that examined molecular-genetic mechanisms, the role of polymorphisms in shaping individual vulnerability to stress, and their impact on the regulation of the hormonal response. Conclusions: Genetic variability is an important factor determining individual differences in susceptibility to PTSD. Studying polymorphisms in investigated genes helps to explain the difference between resilience and susceptibility to mental disorders following traumatic events. This will help to improve the development of personalised approaches to the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of PTSD, and opens up prospects for the creation of new therapeutic strategies that take into account patients’ individual genetic characteristics.