Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze current literature data regarding the involvement of the macrophage population in the processes of reparative osteogenesis in the mandible. Materials and Methods: The authors conducted a review of scientific sources available in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Conclusions: It was shown by the authors that macrophages play a crucial role at all stages of reparative osteogenesis in the mandible. Their high degree of plasticity enables them to adapt to changes in the microenvironment by dynamically shifting their phenotype (from M1 to M2 and vice versa). Alterations in the morphofunctional state of macrophages and an imbalance between M1 and M2 populations under pathological conditions lead to disruptions in the reparative osteogenesis process. Currently, macrophages are recognized as key therapeutic targets for modulating reparative osteogenesis in cases of mandibular bone pathology.