The system of international legal standards in the medical sphere: Universal and regional dimensions
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UZHHOROD NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, UZHHOROD, UKRAINE
Publication date: 2025-10-30
Wiadomości Lekarskie 2025;(10):2209-2215
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Aim: A
comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of international legal standards in healthcare, determining their content, classification and regulation
features at universal and regional levels. Tasks include analyzing the concept of international health law standards, investigating historical formation stages,
systematizing international legal acts, determining universal and regional protection features, analyzing specialized standards for certain population categories,
and investigating implementation mechanisms at national level.
Materials and Methods: Employ general scientific and special legal methods including dialectical, system-structural, historical-legal, comparative-legal, and
formal-legal approaches, along with classification and systematization methods to structure international legal acts and create scientifically based typology.
The empirical base consisted of 189 sources for the period 1948-2025: universal international acts of the UN and specialized organizations (23 documents),
regional European agreements (15 acts), specialized conventions for individual categories of the population (18 documents), declarations and charters of a
non-conventional type (12 acts), scientific publications (121 works). The search was carried out in the following databases: UN Treaty Collection, Council of
Europe Treaty Office, WHO Global Health Observatory, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed.
Conclusions: establish that international healthcare standards constitute a specific category with both general features (obligatory, universal, abstract) and
special properties (specificity, scientificity, practicality, reliability). The evolutionary development from 1940s declarative principles to modern detailed norms
reflects transition from state-centric to patient-oriented approaches. The multi-level structure includes universal/regional standards, mandatory/recommen
datory
norms, and general/special provisions, creating flexible legal regulation addressing diverse healthcare subjects’ needs.