The ketogenic diet, characterized by high fat and low carbohydrate intake, has gained increasing attention for its potential therapeutic effects on a range of neurological disorders. Originally developed to mimic the metabolic effects of fasting, the diet induces ketosis and alters brain energy metabolism, offering neuroprotective benefits. This comprehensive review synthesizes current literature on the efficacy, mechanisms, and safety of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, migraine, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and multiple sclerosis. Evidence suggests that the ketogenic diet modulates neurotransmitter levels, improves mitochondrial function, reduces oxidative stress, and alters neuroinflammatory pathways. Clinical studies have demonstrated promising outcomes, particularly in drug-resistant epilepsy and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. However, adherence challenges and potential adverse effects—including gastrointestinal disturbances and metabolic complications—highlight the need for cautious implementation and further research. This review underscores the importance of expanding clinical investigations to fully elucidate the diet’s long-term neurological implications. Keywords: ketogenic diet, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, Parkinson’s disease, depression, multiple sclerosis, neurological disorders.